NAMA  : SITI HARDIANA 

KELAS : 4SA01 

NPM     : 16611806

TUGAS KE EMPAT BU DEFFI 

How smartphones are improving city life in Singapore

By Meera Senthilingam, for CNN

Updated 1928 GMT (0228 HKT) June 24, 2015

Future Cities: Singapore focuses on the exceptionally forward-looking urban approach of the island nation to learn about the challenges of planning for future generations.

(CNN)Throughout cities around the world, digital information is readily shared and collected through smartphones, tablets, sensors and other communication devices that have become part of everyday life.

But in the streets of Singapore, this amounting of "big data" will soon be used to improve urban life through LIVE Singapore! -- a project that uses real-time data to track and affect the activity of a city.

"We can analyze the pulse of the city, moment to moment," says Carlo Ratti, Director of the MIT Senseable city lab, which runs the project as part of the Singapore-MIT alliance for Research and Technology (SMART).

"Over the past decade, digital technologies have begun to blanket our cities, forming the backbone of a large, intelligent infrastructure," says Ratti, who believes cities have become open-air computers storing information that should be harnessed and tapped into.

The team are exploring the use of data in Singapore due to its unique existence as a city, nation and island.

"It becomes an ideal lab to study the link between technology and city planning," says Ratti.

Solar-powered 'supertrees' breathe life into Singapore's urban oasis

Traffic, crowds and rainfall

By tapping in to real-time information about their city, Singaporeans could make day-to-day decisions based on their environment -- creating a feedback loop between people, their actions and their city -- whilst simultaneously contributing to the data they are collecting.

Such feedback can impact factors influencing daily life, ranging from overcrowding and traffic jams to temperature control and taxi availability. The more data available, the more impact it can have.

"The power increases exponentially," says Ratti.

One example is the monitoring of mobile phone use throughout the city-state to track the movements of people and provide information about crowding.

According to the MIT Senseable city lab, mobile phone penetration in Singapore is more than 140%, as people own more than one mobile phone.

By using data from cell phone networks in Singapore, maps can be created to visualize where usage is highest -- and therefore where the number of people is highest.

The use of urban space can be revealed in real-time.

A more environmental example is the tracking of people and vehicles during rainfall. Singapore's tropical climate means rainfall is frequent and torrential.

"The local weather has a major impact on the behaviour of a population," says Gerhart Schmitt, Professor of Information Architecture and Founding Director of the Singapore-ETH Centre in Singapore. "[It is] at the same time influenced by and influencing the population," he says.

Schmitt's center are developing a range of visualization technologies to inform users about factors such as air quality -- when planning a route to walk -- or traffic jam prediction.

Tailored Taxis

According to Schmitt, taxis make up almost 1/5 of the car transportation load in Singapore and numbers are expected to be similar in other high-density cities worldwide.

"It's important...to visualize the availability of taxis," says Schmitt.

Singapore's mobility is reliant on taxis. Data on taxi movements and rainfall patterns can help people travel during a downpour.

For LIVE Singapore, Ratti's team have combined this demand for taxis with the city's climate. Their sample visualization blends taxi locations and rainfall data to enable the development of apps helping locals hail taxis during a downpour.

The use of this form of data is somewhat limitless with potential and has also been used to visualize temperature hotspots based on the 'heat island' effect where buildings, cars and the use of cooling units causes temperatures to rise, as well as broader scale information such as the global reach of Singapore's ports and airports.

Schmitt's teams are exploring the uses of public transport data generated from smart-card based ticketing systems now common across the world and further researching the urban heat island effects in Singapore, which they believe will eventually reduce liveability. "[It] has become quite serious," he says

Is there an app for that?

For now, Ratti is mainly showing the potential uses of big data generated within a city like Singapore but his goal is to make the data more readily available, and accessible, to create a platform on which others access the data and create new apps tailored to the city's needs.

"The way it will change people's lives is through different types of apps," says Ratti. "LIVE Singapore! can start ideas for combining data, which can become apps," he says.

This is the goal of Ratti's follow-up data project -- data collider -- due to launch publicly in 6 months as a broader platform to spark new ideas.

"Anybody can use it to visualize and explore the data and learn more about their city," he says.

NAME     :  SITI HARDIANA

CLASS     : 4SA01

NPM        : 16611806 

                                                    TUGAS KETIGA BU DEFI

Teen slang: What's, like, so wrong with like?

Actress Emma Thompson says young people make themselves sound stupid by speaking slang outside of school. But while the use of the word "like" might annoy her, it fulfils a useful role in everyday speech.

"That's, like, so unfair."

One response to Emma Thompson's comments likely to trigger a rush of steam from her ears.

The Oscar winner has spoken out against the use of sloppy language. She says people who speak improperly make her feel "insane" and she criticises teenagers for using words such as "like" and "innit".

But is peppering one's sentences with "like" such a heinous crime against the English tongue?

Language experts are more understanding of teen culture than Thompson, pointing out the word's many uses. It's the unconventional uses that are probably getting the actress hot under the collar. One of the most common is using "like" as a filler word in a conversation.

But fillers are a way we all stall for time when speaking and historically always have. It has nothing to do with sloppiness, says John Ayto, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang.

"It is not a lazy use of language, that is a common fallacy among non-linguists," he says. "We all use fillers because we can't keep up highly-monitored, highly-grammatical language all the time. We all have to pause and think.

"We have always used words to plug gaps or make sentences run smoothly. They probably did in Anglo Saxon times, it's nothing new."

But crucially, we often use non-word fillers, such at "um" and "ah". The fact that "like" is an actual word could be why Thompson doesn't like it.

Using 'um' may seem more correct to Emma Thompson because using 'like' as a filler is not a feature of her languageRobert Groves, Editor of the Dictionary of the English Language 

Thompson attacks use of sloppy language

"When words break out from a specific use and become commonly used in a different way, people come down on them," says Dr Robert Groves, editor of the Collins Dictionary Of The English Language.

"Using 'um' may seem more correct to Emma Thompson because using 'like' as a filler is not a feature of the language she uses. The more disassociated you are from the group that uses a word in a different way, the more that use stands out. It will be invisible to teenagers."

Another common use of "like" by young people is as a quotative, which is a grammatical device to mark reported speech. For example: "She was like, 'you aren't using that word correctly' and I was like, 'yes I am'."

It is also commonly used to indicate a metaphor or exaggeration. "I, like, died of embarrassment when you told me to stop using slang." Alternatively, it is employed to introduce a facial expression, gesture or sound. A speaker may say "I was like..." and then hold their hands up, shrug or roll their eyes.

While certain uses of language - such as fillers - have probably always been around, the appropriation of "like" in this context can be traced to a familiar source of so much modern day slang- California's Valley Girls. 

A guide to teenage slang

"Many of these uses of 'like' originate in America," says Dr Groves. "They were probably introduced into British English through the media, like films and television."

Using "like" in this way is also about signalling membership of a club, says English language specialist Professor Clive Upton, from the University of Leeds.

"If they [young people] do deploy the sort of language they're using on the streets in formal settings then it could well be a disadvantage to them but at other times it's quite clearly the way they get along, the way that they signal they belong in a group, the way that they fit in.

"And we all do that in our professional lives as well. We've got all our acronyms and our little words that we use that send a signal - I'm one of the club."

Thompson just isn't part of the "like" club.

 NAME : SITI HARDIANA

CLASS : 4SA01

NPM : 16611806

TUGAS KEDUA BU DEFI

WHEN SHOULD KIDS START SPORTS?

It's not easy to determine how early to start children in organized sports. Children of the same age vary considerably in their physical and psychological maturation, and there is no practical method of measuring maturity. Assuming the child has shown interest, five or six is the generally accepted earliest starting age for organized team sports. At the early ages participation should be limited to sports that involve a lot of physical activity and encourage the development of major motor muscles.

Children in grades 1 - 4 can benefit most from games that are modified to meet their needs and abilities. Play and fun are more important to this age group than highly structured sports that emphasize the outcome rather than the process. Parents and coaches are usually the ones concerned about winning and losing. When helping your child select a sport, keep balance in mind. Encourage your children to try many sports and activities when young and not to think of specializing or playing competitively until they reach middle school. Make sure a balance also occurs between adult organized activities and free playtime. Children need time to just be kids and to play with other kids without a set of rules or adult involvement.

The most important decisions to make, are which youth sports organizations and which coaches are best for your child. Make sure that you take the time to find out about the league, its leaders and coaches. Better yet, get involved and volunteer to coach. Participating in sports is a healthy way, both physically and socially, for your children to channel their youthful energy in a positive direction. Make sure your children's first experience encourages them to begin a lifelong interest in physical activities and good health.

There are many other options besides team sports available to a child who wants to participate in sports. Parents should also encourage their children to become involved in individual and lifetime sports such as bowling, golf, swimming, tennis, gymnastics and martial arts. You can find information about these sports by visiting the facilities or through the yellow pages of the phone book.

Note: We are frequently asked for information related to the origin of this article. Time to document this conveniently online. It was written by Frank Martin, the founder of the Kids Sports Network.

Before that it was one article in a print publication "Youth Sports in San Antonio" produced for two years by WOAI and sent to SBC employees who were moving to San Antonio in 1993.

KAPAN ANAK-ANAK MULAI BEROLAHRAGA ?

Ini tidak mudah untuk menentukan seberapa dini untuk mulai anak-anak dalam olahraga terorganisir. Anak-anak pada usia yang sama bervariasi dalam pematangan fisik dan psikologis mereka, dan tidak ada metode praktis untuk mengukur kedewasaan. Dengan asumsi anak telah menunjukkan minat, lima atau enam adalah usia awal berlaku umum awal untuk mengorganisir olahraga tim. Pada usia dini partisipasi harus dibatasi olahraga yang melibatkan banyak aktivitas fisik dan mendorong perkembangan otot motorik besar.

Anak-anak di kelas 1-4 bisa mendapatkan keuntungan besar dari permainan yang dimodifikasi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan kemampuan mereka. Bermain dan menyenangkan yang lebih penting untuk kelompok usia ini daripada olahraga yang sangat terstruktur yang menekankan hasil daripada proses. Orang tua dan pelatih biasanya yang bersangkutan tentang menang dan kalah. Ketika membantu anak Anda pilih olahraga, menjaga keseimbangan dalam pikiran. Dorong anak Anda untuk mencoba berbagai olahraga dan kegiatan ketika muda dan tidak memikirkan diri atau bermain kompetitif sampai mereka mencapai sekolah menengah. Pastikan keseimbangan juga terjadi antara kegiatan dewasa terorganisir dan bermain gratis. Anak-anak perlu waktu untuk hanya menjadi anak-anak dan bermain dengan anak-anak lain tanpa seperangkat aturan atau keterlibatan orang dewasa.

Keputusan yang paling penting untuk membuat, yang mana organisasi pemuda olahraga dan pelatih yang yang terbaik untuk anak Anda. Pastikan bahwa Anda meluangkan waktu untuk mencari tahu tentang liga, pemimpin dan pelatih. Lebih baik lagi, terlibat dan secara sukarela pelatih. Berpartisipasi dalam olahraga adalah cara yang sehat, baik secara fisik maupun sosial, untuk anak-anak Anda untuk menyalurkan energi muda mereka ke arah yang positif. Pastikan pengalaman pertama anak-anak Anda mendorong mereka untuk memulai minat seumur hidup dalam aktivitas fisik dan kesehatan yang baik.

Ada banyak pilihan lain selain olahraga tim yang tersedia bagi anak yang ingin berpartisipasi dalam olahraga. Orang tua juga harus mendorong anak-anak mereka untuk terlibat dalam olahraga individu dan seumur hidup seperti bowling, golf, renang, tenis, senam dan seni bela diri. Anda dapat menemukan informasi tentang olahraga ini dengan mengunjungi fasilitas atau melalui halaman kuning buku telepon.

Catatan: Kami sering meminta informasi yang berkaitan dengan asal-usul artikel ini. Waktu untuk mendokumentasikan ini mudah secara online. Ini ditulis oleh Frank Martin, pendiri Kids Sports Network. Saya tidak bisa memberikan tanggal yang tepat pertama kali dicetak tapi pertama kali muncul secara online pada tahun 1999 seperti yang Anda lihat pada Mesin Way Back.

Sebelum itu satu artikel dalam publikasi cetak "Pemuda Olahraga di San Antonio" diproduksi selama dua tahun oleh WOAI dan dikirim ke karyawan SBC yang pindah ke San Antonio pada tahun 1993.

IDIOM :

1.      Should be limited to sports

( Olahraga yang terbatas )

2.      A lot of phsycal activity

( Banyak aktifitas fisik )

3.      The outcome rather than the process

( Hasil dari proses )

4.      Children need time to just be kids

( Anak-anak perlu waktu untuk menjadi anak sejati )

5.      By visiting the facilities or through the yellow pages of the phone book

 (Dengan mengunjungi fasilitas atau melalui halaman kuning buku telepon )

NAME       :   SITI HARDIANA 

NPM          :   16611806

CLASS      :    4SA01 

TUGAS BU DEFI JULIANTI 

Definition about culture :

Culture is a complex which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture studied the origin of the word is derived from the Sanskrit word meaning budhayah mind or intellect. In Latin, the word culture comes from Colere, which means tilling the soil. So culture in general can be interpreted as "everything that is produced by the intellect (mind) of man with the aim to cultivate the land or place of residence, or they can be interpreted any human effort to be able to establish and maintain life in the environment". Culture can also be interpreted as a set of learned experience, referring to patterns of behavior that certain socially transmitted.

In everyday life, we define culture as the traditional heritage. Such as dances, folk music instruments, traditional weapons, the local language, and so forth. In our country, almost every province has an own traditional culture. Therefore, our country dubbed a country rich in culture.

Ways To Caring for Traditional Culture :

Cultures were previously priceless, now it becomes a culture that is not worth in the eyes of society. Attitude did not appreciate it bad enough impact for the development of traditional culture in our country. Why? Because one way to preserve the culture traditional is the attitude and behavior of their own community. If in every society there is a dominant nationalist spirit, preserving traditional culture is an honor, but the younger generation is actually assume the opposite, so they bumble preserve the culture of a compulsion. So the preservation of traditional it also relies heavily on the soul younger generation.

As the nation's next generation of young, nationalist spirit and attitude is required. Not only for political purposes only we are required to nationalist-minded, but in maintaining and preserving. We need to realize that in order to maintain a culture of heritage is not easy. It took a great sacrifice as well. Therefore not enough if there is only one youth who want to but others indifferent. In doing so it takes together to support each other and complement each other. In other words, the culture is also necessary to preserve the compactness to complement and support.

LIMA TULISAN BAHASA INGGRIS TUGAS SOFTSKILL

NAMA                :  SITI HARDIANA

KELAS               :  4SA01

NPM                    :  16611806

TUGAS SOFTSKILL

 SPORT

Sport (or sports) is all forms of usually competitive physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing entertainment to participants, and in some cases, spectators. Hundreds of sports exist, from those requiring only two participants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants, either in teams or competing as individuals.

Sport is generally recognised as activities which are based in physical athleticism or physical dexterity, with the largest major competitions such as the Olympic Games admitting only sports meeting this definition, and other organisations such as the Council of Europe using definitions precluding activities without a physical element from classification as sports. However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as mind sports. The International Olympic Committee (through ARISF) recognises both chess and bridge as bona fide sports, and SportAccord, the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports, although limits the amount of mind games which can be admitted as sports.

Sports are usually governed by a set of rules or customs, which serve to ensure fair competition, and allow consistent adjudication of the winner. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first, or by the determination of judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression.

In organised sport, records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in sport news. In addition, sport is a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with spectator sport drawing large crowds to venues, and reaching wider audiences through broadcasting.

MUSIC

Is an art form whose medium is sound. Its common elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; "art of the Muses"). In its most general form the activities describing music as an art form include the production of works of music, the criticism of music, the study of the history of music, and the aesthetic dissemination of music.

The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to personal interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. It may also be divided among art music and folk music. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics. Music may be played and heard live, may be part of a dramatic work or film, or may be recorded.

To many people in many cultures, music is an important part of their way of life. Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound.

 HEALTH

 Is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind and body, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in "good health" or "healthy"). The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in 1946 as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Although this definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value and because of the problem created by use of the word "complete," it remains the most enduring. Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. Classification systems such as the WHO Family of International Classifications, including the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), are commonly used to define and measure the components of health.

Systematic activities to prevent or cure health problems and promote good health in humans are undertaken by health care providers. Applications with regard to animal health are covered by the veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also widely used in the context of many types of non-living organizations and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense of healthy communities, healthy cities or healthy environments. In addition to health care interventions and a person's surroundings, a number of other factors are known to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality; these are referred to as "determinants of health." Studies have shown that high levels of stress can affect human health.

 ART

Is a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. This article focuses primarily on the visual arts, which includes the creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts; however, like the decorative arts, it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential—in a way that they usually are not in a painting, for example. Music, theatre, film, dance, and other performing arts, as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of art or the arts. Until the 17th century, art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences. In modern usage after the 17th century, where aesthetic considerations are paramount, the fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts.

Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), expression, communication of emotion, or other qualities. During the Romantic period, art came to be seen as "a special faculty of the human mind to be classified with religion and science".Though the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions mention an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation.

The nature of art, and related concepts such as creativity and interpretation, are explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics.

FRUIT

In botany, a fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. Fruits are the means by which these plants disseminate seeds. Many of them that bear edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition, respectively; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. Fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings.

In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, bananas, and lemons. On the other hand, the botanical sense of "fruit" includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits", such as bean pods, corn kernels, wheat grains, and tomatoes.

The section of a fungus that produces spores is also called a fruiting body.